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Macam-Macam Badan Usaha beserta Penjelasannya [LENGKAP]

A. Pengertian Badan Usaha


Badan usaha merupakan suatu unit ekonomi yang mengkombinasikan seluruh sumber daya ekonomi, seperti sumber daya alam, manusia, modal, serta kewirausahaan untuk menghasilkan barang dan jasa.

B. Macam-Macam Badan Usaha

1). Menurut Pemilik Modalnya

A. Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)
Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) merupakan badan usaha yang didirikan oleh negara atau pemerintah yang sebagian atau bahkan seluruh modalnya berasal dari kekayaan negara yang disisihkan. 

Dasar pendirian BUMN adalah pasal 33 ayat 2 dan ayat 3 UUD 1945, BUMN bertugas untuk mengelola mengusahakan cabang cabang produksi dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung di tanah air Indonesia untuk kesejahteraan dan kemakmuran seluruh rakyat atau bangsa Indonesia.

Fungsi BUMN antara lain sebagai berikut:
1). Melaksanakan pemerataan kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan.
2). Sebagai salah satu sarana untuk menghasilkan keuntungan/laba.
3). Merupakan alat atau instrumen yang menjaga kestabilan harga barang dan jasa terutama yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak.
4). Sebagai agen pembangunan yang bertugas untuk meningkatkan pembangunan ekonomi.
5). Sebagai salah satu sarana untuk menghadapi perdagangan internasional, terutama menghadapi persaingan dalam pasar global.

Menurut Inpres No 5 tahun 1988 BUMN meliputi:
1). Perusahaan Umum (Perum), merupakan perusahaan negara yang bergerak dalam bidang usaha yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan umum. Modal Perum berasal dari kekayaan negara yang terpisah dari APBN. Perum mempunyai ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
a). Melayani kepentingan umum.
b). Pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan kegiatan perusahaan yang dilakukan oleh badan keuangan negara.
c). Karyawan Perum berstatus sebagai karyawan perusahaan negara.
d). Berusaha memupuk keuntungan yang akan digunakan sebagai salah satu sumber keuangan negara.
e). Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, direksi Perum bertanggung jawab kepada menteri.
f). Modal Perum berasal dari kekayaan negara yang disisihkan, sehingga terpisah dari anggaran yang terdapat dalam APBN.

2). Perusahaan Perseroan (PT Persero), merupakan perusahaan negara yang menghimpun modal dari penjualan saham. Perusahaan Perseroan memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
a). Berusaha memupuk keuntungan.
b). Bentuk badan usahanya berupa PT.
c). Tidak memperoleh fasilitas negara.
d). Karyawannya berstatus sebagai karyawan perusahaan swasta.
e). Sebagian atau seluruh modal perusahaan dimiliki oleh negara yang berasal dari kekayaan negara yang disihkan.

3). Perusahaan Daerah, adalah bentuk perusahaan yang didirikan dan dimiliki oleh Pemerintah daerah, pendiriannya berdasarkan kepada Peraturan Daerah (Perda). Sebagian besar atau seluruh modal dimiliki oleh Pemerintah daerah. Perusahaan Daerah dalam menjalankan usahanya dipimpin oleh seorang direksi yang diangkat oleh kepala daerah baik Gubernur ataupun Bupati.

B. Badan Usaha Milik Swasta (BUMS)
Badan Usaha Milik Swasta (BUMS) merupakan badan usaha yang modalnya dimiliki oleh pengusaha swasta, baik swasta nasional maupun swasta asing. Alasannya didirikannya BUMS antara lain sebagai berikut:
1). Pemerintah belum memiliki modal yang cukup untuk mengelola seluruh kekayaan alam yang terdapat di Indonesia.
2). Pemerintah merasa perlu memberi kesempatan kepada pihak swasta dan masyarakat untuk ikut serta dalam kegiatan ekonomi nasional.
3). Memperluas lapangan kerja, dengan semakin banyaknya badan usaha yang didirikan, otomatis akan dapat menyerap tenaga kerja yang semakin besar jumlahnya.

2). Menurut Lapangan Usahanya

Menurut lapangan usaha yang dikelola, badan usaha dapat dibedakan sebagai berikut:

A. Badan Usaha Ekstraktif
Badan usaha ekstraktif, yaitu badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan produksi dengan cara mengambil, menggali, ataupun sekedar mengumpulkan segala sesuatu yang telah disediakan oleh alam. Misalnya perusahaan pertambangan, perusahaan hasil hutan (seperti kayu dan rotan).

B. Badan Usaha Agraris
Badan usaha agraris, adalah jenis badan usaha yang kegiatannya berkaitan dengan usaha dalam kegiatan pengolahan tanah. Kegiatan dalam usaha agraris meliputi pertanian, perkebunan, perikanan, dan peternakan.

C. Badan Usaha Industri
Badan usaha industri merupakan jenis badan usaha yang mengolah suatu barang agar menjadi barang lain yang lebih bermanfaat. Sebagai contoh pada perusahaan tekstil yang menggunakan bahan baku berupa kapas.

D. Badan Usaha Perdagangan
Badan usaha perdagangan merupakan jenis badan usaha yang kegiatannya membeli barang dari produsen atau pedagang lain untuk dijual kembali kepada sesama pedagang atau kepada konsumen, tanpa melakukan perubahan terhadap bentuk dan sifat barang tersebut, dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh keuntungan/laba. Kegiatan perdagangan ini berlangsung dengan menggunakan alat tukar yang berupa uang.

E. Badan Usaha Jasa
Badan usaha jasa merupakan jenis badan usaha yang bergerak dibidang pelayanan/jasa. Jadi untuk badan usaha ini hasil produksinya bukan berupa barang, melainkan jasa.

3). Menurut Bentuk Hukumnya

Berdasarkan bentuk badan hukumnya, di Indonesia terdapat 6 badan usaha, antara lain sebagai berikut:

A. Badan Usaha Perseorangan
Badan usaha perseorangan sering disebut perusahaan perseorangan, merupakan bentuk badan usaha yang didirikan, dimiliki, dikelola, dan dipertanggungjawabkan sendiri oleh satu orang. Badan usaha perseorangan memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:
1). Pemilik memiliki peran ganda, yaitu sebagai pemilik sekaligus pemimpin perusahaan.
2). Tidak adanya pemisahan antara harta pribadi dengan harta perusahaan.
3). Pemilik bertanggung jawab penuh terhadap resiko yang dihadapi.
4). Kemajuan usahanya sangat dipengaruhi oleh kepandaian, keterampilan, keuletan, dan kreatifitas dari pemiliknya.

B. Firma (Fa)
Firma (Fa) merupakan satu bentuk badan usaha yang beranggotakan beberapa orang (minimal dua orang) yang menjalankan usaha dengan satu nama, dan masing-masing anggota berperan aktif dalam kegiatan badan usaha serta bertanggung jawab penuh terhadap hutang firma dengan seluruh harta benda yang mereka miliki.

C. Persekutuan Komanditer / Comanditaire Vennotschaap (CV)
Persekutuan komanditer (CV), mempunyai dua macam anggota yaitu sekutu aktif dan sekutu pasif. Dalam menjalankan usaha yang berbentuk CV, sekutu aktif berperan sebagai pemilik sekaligus pengelola badan usaha, serta bertanggung jawab penuh atas resiko yang mungkin akan terjadi. Sementaraitu, sekutu pasif hanya berperan sebagai penanam modal yang tidak ikut mengelola usaha, namun tetap akan memperoleh pembagian keuntungan usaha, sedangkan jika sampai badan usaha tersebut menderita kerugian, maka tanggung jawab terhadap kerugian tersebut hanya sebesar modal yang ditanamkannya.

D. Perseroan Terbatas (PT)
Perseroan Terbatas (PT) merupakan bentuk badan usaha yang menghimpun dana dengan cara menjual saham. Saham adalah surat berharga yang membuktikan bahwa seseorang turut serta menjadi pemilik perusahaan.

PT dipimpin oleh pengurus yang disebut direksi, yang mengadakan hubungan baik ke dalam ataupun keluar perusahaan. Selain direksi, juga dikenal adanya komisaris yang bertugas untuk mengawasi pelaksanaan tugas dari direksi. Dalam PT kekuasaan tertinggi berada di tangan Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS). Rapat inilah yang memilih direksi dan komisaris serta menentukan program secara garis besar dan mengesahkan perhitungan rugi/laba perusahaan.

Sebagai pemegang saham, pemilik modal PT akan menerima bagian keuntungan yang disebut Deviden. Deviden yang diterima para pesero tergantung dari nilai saham yang dimilikinya. Secara umum, Perseroan Terbatas dapat dibedakan menjadi berikut:

1). PT Terbuka, yaitu jenis PT yang menjual sahamnya kepada masyarakat umum. Ciri dari PT terbuka adalah dicantumkannya tulisan Tbk di belakang nama PT tersebut, misalnya PT Perusahaan Rokok tjap Gudang Garam Tbk.
2). PT Tertutup, yaitu PT yang menjual sahamnya hanya untuk kalangan tertentu, misalnya hanya unutk kalangan untuk kalangan tertentu, misalnya hanya untuk anggota keluarganya saja. Pada umumnya saham PT tertutup dituliskan nama pemiliknya, dan tidak dapat diperjual belikan secara bebas.
3). PT Kosong, yaitu PT yang masih memiliki badan usaha, namun sudah tidak menjalankan usaha lagi. Keuntungan bagi pihak yang membeli PT Kosong adalah pemilik baru tidak perlu mengurus ijin untuk menjalankan usahanya, sehingga dapat menghemat biaya.

E. Koperasi
Koperasi merupakan badan usaha rakyat yang memiliki berciri kekeluargaan. Koperasi berperan mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil, dan makmur. Itulah sebabnya seringkali koperasi dikatakan sebagai Soko Guru atau tiang utama penyangga perekonomian rakyat. Istilah koperasi berasal dari bahasa inggris, yaitu Cooperation, yang artinya usaha bersama. Sementara, menurut Undang-Undang No 25 tahun 1992, pengertian koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang seorang atau badan hukum dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan.

Prinsip koperasi disebutkan sebagai berikut:
1). Keanggotaan koperasi bersifat terbuka dan sukarela. Terbuka maksudnya, keanggotaan koperasi terbuka bagi setiap WNI, sedangkan sukarela maksudnya untuk menjadi anggota koperasi tidak ada unsur paksaan atau secara sukarela.
2). Pembagian SHU dilakukan secara adil berdasarkan atas jasa dari masing-masing anggota.
3). Pengelolaan koperasi dilaksanakan secara demokratis.
4). Kemandirian, artinya dalam melaksanakan usahanya, koperasi tidak tergantung pada pihak lain, melainkan lebih mengutamakan kepada kemampuannya sendiri.

Koperasi mempunyai ciri khusus yang membedakan dengan badan usaha lainnya, yaitu sebagai berikut:
1). Semua anggota merupakan pemilik koperasi
2). Pemimpin koperasi terdiri atas Pelaksana, Badan Pemeriksa, dan Rapat Anggota yang memegang kekuasaan tertinggi dalam koperasi.
3). Berbadan hukum.
4). Tidak berorientasi pada perolehan laba, tetapi lebih mengutamakan pada tercapainya kesejahteraan anggota.
5). Modal diperoleh dari anggota, yaitu dengan pembayaran simpanan.
6). Keuntungan yang diperoleh koperasi bukan hanya milik perorangan, tetapi menjadi milik bersama, berdasarkan Rapat Anggota Tahunan (RAT).
7). Kekayaan yang ada pada koperasi menjadi milik bersama.

Modal koperasi dapat diperoleh dari dua sumber, yaitu sebagai berikut:
1). Modal Sendiri, yaitu modal koperasi yang berasal dari para anggota dengan berdasarkan kepada ketentuan koperasi. Modal sendiri terdiri dari Simpanan Pokok, Simpanan Wajib, Simpanan Sukarela, dan Dana Cadangan.
2). Modal Pinjaman, yaitu modal yang berupa pinjaman baik dari anggota, maupun dari luar anggota, misalnya dari koperasi lain, dari bank, ataupun sumber lain yang sah.

Berdasarkan bidang usaha yang ditangani, koperasi dapat dibedakan bermacam-macam, yaitu sebagai berikut:
1). Koperasi Konsumsi, yatu koperasi yang kegiatan usahanya bertujuan untuk membantu anggota dalam memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari.
2). Koperasi Produksi, yaitu koperasi yang beranggotakan para produsen dengan hasil produksi yang sama.
3). Koperasi Pemasaran, yaitu koperasi yang didirikan dengan tujuan membantu para anggota dalam memasarkan barang-barang hasil produksinya.
4). Koperasi Simpan Pinjam, yaitu koperasi yang berusaha menghimpun pembayaran dana dari para anggota melalui pembayaran simpanan, selanjutnya dana tersebut akan disalurkan kepada anggota yang membutuhkan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup para anggotanya.
5). Koperasi Jasa, yaitu koperasi yang usahanya menyediakan pelayanan bagi para anggota.

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2 Responses to "Macam-Macam Badan Usaha beserta Penjelasannya [LENGKAP]"

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    AJOQQ juga menyediakan bonus rollingan sebanyak 0.3% dan bonus referal sebanyak 20% :)

    BalasHapus